The Gaganyaan Crew Module (CM) is a pressurized human-rated spacecraft developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation for India’s first crewed orbital mission. It has a near-conical, blunt-body configuration optimized for atmospheric re-entry, with an overall mass of about 5.3 tonnes and an internal habitable volume of roughly 8 cubic meters to support a crew of up to three astronauts. The module uses a dual-wall structure with an aluminum alloy pressure shell and an external thermal protec