Probability underpins AI, cryptography and statistics. However, as the philosopher Bertrand Russell said, "Probability is the most important concept in modern science, especially as nobody has the ...

Discover how to determine the ideal percentage of a population for a representative sample to ensure accurate data analysis with minimal sampling error.

Abstract: Riverbed sediments are crucial in river ecosystems, significantly impacting water quality, environmental protection, and water resource management. With the increasing ease of obtaining high ...

Abstract: The explosive growth of social media platforms has generated vast amounts of interaction data, presenting both opportunities and challenges for researchers and analysts. Effective random ...