Abstract: The tutorial overviews the basics of digital fractional-N phase-locked-loop architectures and their design principles from the signal-processing level down to circuit design. We will examine ...

This is Part 2 of a three-part series. As discussed in Part 1 and recapped here, modern wireless communications systems (mainly superheterodyne radio transceivers) are now required to deliver higher ...

This is Part 1 of a three-part series. As modern wireless communications systems (mainly superheterodyne radio transceivers) are now required to deliver higher performance than ever before, they’re ...

A phase-locked loop (PLL) for analog signals generates an output with a phase that’s precisely matched to the phase of an input reference. Analog PLLs are widely used in high-frequency applications ...

As clock speeds and communication channels run at ever higher frequencies, engineers who have previously had little need to consider clock jitter and phase noise are finding that they need to increase ...