Introduction Incidental pulmonary nodules (IPNs) are commonly encountered on chest radiographs (CXRs) performed for routine clinical indications and may represent early manifestations of significant ...

Abstract: Q-learning is arguably one of the most applied representative reinforcement learning approaches and one of the off-policy strategies. Since the emergence of Q-learning, many studies have ...

A new AI-based method reconstructs spatial information about where immune cells were originally located in an organ, even after these cells have been removed from the tissue and analyzed individually.

Abstract: Evolutionary reinforcement learning (ERL), which integrates the evolutionary algorithms (EAs) and reinforcement learning (RL) for optimization, has demonstrated remarkable performance ...

Those that solve artificially simplified problems where quantum advantage is meaningless. Those that provide no genuine quantum advantage when all costs are properly accounted for. This critique is ...

Oracle-based quantum algorithms cannot use deep loops because quantum states exist only as mathematical amplitudes in Hilbert space with no physical substrate. Criticall ...