Imagine trying to design a key for a lock that is constantly changing its shape. That is the exact challenge we face in ...

Abstract: As a well-known NP-hard problem, the vertex cover problem has broad applications, which has aroused the concern of many researchers. In recent years, its related optimization problems, ...

Abstract: For expensive multiobjective optimization problems, there exists useful knowledge, e.g., the trained surrogate models, can be transferred to assist the optimization of a target optimization ...

Mathematics has always been one of the most challenging subjects for students of all ages. From simple arithmetic to complex calculus, many learners struggle to understand formulas, equations, and ...