Process design kits consist of a set of files that typically contain descriptions of the basic building blocks of the process. They are expressed, algorithmically, as Pcells. These descriptions are ...

Once upon a time, integrated circuits (ICs) were built by the same companies that designed them. The design of an IC was tightly integrated with the manufacturing processes available within each ...

The steps of a complex process can be displayed in sequence using a graphic referred to as a process flowchart. The graphic explains the way a process is or should be functioning, depending on the ...

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Have you ever thought about how and why something was designed? Who was considered a “stakeholder” for the design? And what biases are baked within the process of designing something? These are some ...

Designers rely on the accuracy of Process Design Kits (PDK¡¦s) for their IC designs. This paper describes independent verification of the PDK accuracy using a low-cost Die Level Process Monitor (DLPM) ...

Appropriate use of sound science applied at critical junctures will improve efficiency in the high-wire act of drug development. Pharmaceutical companies walk a tightrope in early drug development.

The author reviews the draft guidance on process validation, its QbD applications, and its potential impact on sterile manufacturing operations. Individuals working in pharmaceutical sterile ...