Despite case reports of successful percutaneous nephrolithotomy in kidney transplants, concerns persist about the risks of technical difficulties, injury of adjacent organs, and impaired wound healing ...

Renal stones are hard masses that form from crystals in urine. They range in size from small gravel-like stones to large stones that extend into more than one calyx (staghorn calculi). Although kidney ...

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is an efficient surgical intervention for removing large kidney stones. However, it is a challenging procedure that requires years of training to perform. To meet ...